Description: Human

Description: Sudan I (also commonly known as CI Solvent Yellow 14 and Solvent Orange R), is an organic compound, typically classified as an azo dye. Sudan I is one of the industry dyes and widely used in cosmetics, wax agent, solvent and textile. Sudan I has multiple toxicity such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage. It is an intensely orange-red solid that is added to colourise waxes, oils, petrol, solvents, and polishes. Sudan I has also been adopted for colouring various foodstuffs, especially curry powder and chili powder, although the use of Sudan I in foods is now banned in many countries, because Sudan I, Sudan III, and Sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogens (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Sudan I is still used in some orange-coloured smoke formulations and as a colouring for cotton refuse used in chemistry experiments. Sudan 1 is a compound being warned of for health hazards by the EU regulation. It may cause allergic skin reactions and irritation of the skin. Exposure to the skin can happen by direct exposure to textile workers or by wearing tight-fitting textiles dyed with Sudan 1. Allergic reactions are induced when the azo dye binds to the human serum albumin (HSA), forming a dye-HSA conjugate, which immunoglobulin E binds to, which causes a release of histamine.

Description: Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that displays bactericidal activity against gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen. Neomycin comes in oral and topical formulations, including creams, ointments, and eyedrops. Neomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more amino sugars connected by glycosidic bonds. Aminoglycosides such as neomycin are known for their ability to bind to duplex RNA with high affinity. The association constant for neomycin with A-site RNA is in the 109 M−1 range. However, more than 50 years after its discovery, its DNA-binding properties were still unknown. Neomycin has been shown to induce thermal stabilization of triplex DNA, while having little or almost no effect on the B-DNA duplex stabilization. Neomycin was also shown to bind to structures that adopt an A-form structure, triplex DNA being one of them. Neomycin also includes DNA:RNA hybrid triplex formation. Like other aminoglycosides, neomycin has been shown to be ototoxic, causing tinnitus, hearing loss, and vestibular problems in a small number of patients. Patients with existing tinnitus or sensorineural hearing loss are advised to speak with a healthcare practitioner about the risks and side effects prior to taking this medication.

Description: Salbutamol, also known as albuterol, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist which works by causing relaxation of airway smooth muscle. It is used to treat asthma, including asthma attacks, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels. Salbutamol is usually used with an inhaler or nebulizer, but it is also available in a pill, liquid, and intravenous solution. Common side effects include shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, and feeling anxious. Serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm, irregular heartbeat, and low blood potassium levels. It can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but safety is not entirely clear. In agriculture and animal husbandry, the ratio of muscle/fat can be changed to achieve the purpose of increasing fattening and growth of animals. It causes muscle tremor, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, nervousness, heart palpitations, tachycardia, and even nausea, vomiting and other symptoms of poisoning after eating animals containing higher Salbutamol. It is currently banned in food production because it may remain in the food chain and cause great harm to human health.

Description: Salbutamol, also known as albuterol, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist which works by causing relaxation of airway smooth muscle. It is used to treat asthma, including asthma attacks, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels. Salbutamol is usually used with an inhaler or nebulizer, but it is also available in a pill, liquid, and intravenous solution. Common side effects include shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, and feeling anxious. Serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm, irregular heartbeat, and low blood potassium levels. It can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but safety is not entirely clear. In agriculture and animal husbandry, the ratio of muscle/fat can be changed to achieve the purpose of increasing fattening and growth of animals. It causes muscle tremor, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, nervousness, heart palpitations, tachycardia, and even nausea, vomiting and other symptoms of poisoning after eating animals containing higher Salbutamol. It is currently banned in food production because it may remain in the food chain and cause great harm to human health.

Description: Sulfamethazine is a sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, a carcinogenic agent, a ligand, an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a drug allergen. It is a member of pyrimidines, a sulfonamide and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It derives from a sulfanilamide. Sulfamethazine is a sulfonamide drug that inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for binding to dihydropteroate synthetase (dihydrofolate synthetase). Sulfamethazine is bacteriostatic in nature. Inhibition of dihydrofolic acid synthesis decreases the synthesis of bacterial nucleotides and DNA. Sulfamethazine may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hypersensitivity reactions. Hematologic effects such as anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may also occur. Sulfamethoxazole may displace bilirubin from albumin binding sites causing jaundice or kernicterus in newborns. Sulfamethazine produces thyroid tumors in mice and rats by a non-genotoxic mechanism, which involves inhibition of thyroid peroxidase resulting in alterations in thyroid hormone concn and incr secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone. Consequently, sulfamethazine would be expected not to be carcinogenic to humans exposed to doses that do not alter thyroid hormone homeostasis. Evidence from epidemiological studies and from toxicological studies in experimental animals provide compelling evidence that rodents are substantially more sensitive than humans to the development of thyroid tumors in response to thyroid hormone imbalance. This antibody does not cross-react with Sulfamethoxypyridazine and sulfamethoxazole.

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